Protecting the Human Race Essay Example For Students

Securing the Human Race Essay Soccer changed my disposition however this paper is past soccer. As a protector, my principle objective is to forestall objectives. Each time I let an objective cruise by, the blame and lament helped me develop as a superior protector. This defender nature changed the childish kid who took the keep going Gatorade after the long round of soccer to a first line up who is eager to forfeit his playing time for a potential player who needs more experience. At some point, my mentor asked me, â€Å"Junwoo, as a mentor, I needed to transform you folks into dependable men. What would you like to be? † This answer was simple. â€Å"I need to be a defender†. My mentor answered, â€Å"for sports grant? † I answered, â€Å"Soccer encouraged me group science, however now I need to contemplate pharmaceutical science and be a defender of humankind. † Many plagues executed numerous guiltless lives. From the start, individuals were vulnerable, experiencing the odd torment. Plague, for example, Smallpox, Polio, and Cholera all removed numerous lives, yet luckily through exploration fixes and immunizations were developed to help battle infectious maladies. Polio for instance caused a lot of death, however even the survivors need to experience the ill effects of perpetual handicap. Dr. Jonas Sulk and Dr. Francis Thomas Jr. are the legends that made the immunization for polio and spared numerous lives. At the point when a malady breaks out I need to resemble these two men who can limit the harm for the people in the future. There are likewise different maladies and pandemics that took lives but to be restored. Infection, for example, HIV, SARS, and Ebola are for the most part illnesses without a compelling fix. HIV can be kept from powerful utilization of assurance, however there are different illnesses that are airborne or transmitted through dirtied water. Be that as it may, waterborne and airborne sickness can spread exponentially particularly where the earth isn't sterile as observed in many creating nations. By investigating such sickness and searching for the regular qualities that permit air or water transmission, I can build my insight in plagues as well as discover synthetic concoctions or medications that can keep such infection from spreading by means of wild medium. The world has become a littler spot. Indeed, even at air terminals, the traditions are attentive about travelers that originated from the episode beginning. Notwithstanding being tainted or not, numerous blameless travelers are isolated thus. This is a contention between national security and human rights, along these lines it is a constrained trade off that is dubious. In any case, with research I accept there will be choices to keep airborne or waterborne sickness from spreading with more viability than a basic CDC guidance of legitimate hand washing. Some state that my decision of major conflicts with my defender sense. I am not uninformed. I realize that pharmaceutical organizations are presently Empires. There are numerous moral inquiries rotating this industry. Some state that Adderall is significant for ADD, some state it has become an issue because of misuse. There are torment executioners that genuinely help somebody, yet the cultural maltreatment of torment executioners additionally brought forth substitute sedatives which are likewise dubious. In any case, these moral inquiries don't influence me since I will likely get ready for the expected flare-up of new infection. This late spring Ebola took numerous lives in Western Africa. The Walking Dead regardless of its anecdotal situation might break out without a notice. By considering medication and infection with a degree identified with restorative science, I will investigate, get ready, and backup under any situation like the pilot of Air Force One. I concede I am not the best soccer player, however I will limit the harm while obstructing the assault from the illness. Who knows possibly during research I may unintentionally locate a progressive fix like Penicillin or help find men’s lost certainty like Viagra.

Problem of free will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issue of through and through freedom - Essay Example Determinism represents a few dangers to the idea of through and through freedom. The primary danger is the capacity to pick between choices. Acting with unrestrained choice requires the chance of options yet determinism contends that there is just a single conceivable result to an occasion dependent on mediating occasions. The subsequent danger concerns control in forming occasions. Choice requires control of an individual’s occasions through decisions. Determinism, then again, holds that past occasions and the laws of nature give an easygoing connection to the occasions of an individual and thusly need command over the occasions. The issue of choice is to accommodate determinism with unrestrained choice in a condition of with cause and impacts where occasions have an easygoing chain. To settle this issue, it is important to dismiss a few ideas or show that all the ideas of unrestrained choice and determinism are reliable (Rauhut 2010). Since we have set up the issue of unrestrained choice, I will contend that we should dismiss the idea that through and through freedom isn't good with determinism and embrace compatibilism. This contention will show that there is a deterministic association between and individual’s activities and will. This association empowers one to accept obligation regarding moves, for example, making fault or credit. A person who is liberated from intimidation have the opportunity of activity, which is recognizable with choice. This view perceives the easygoing chain of occasions, which relate back to an uncertain time and reliable with the laws of nature and with the structure of an omniscient God. Since will is remembered for the chain of occasions, people have unrestrained choice. Likewise, individuals pick as indicated by their most prominent want, which is guided by their ethical nature. Generally, this implies people are allowed to pick however these decisions are controlled by the state of the psyche and heart. Compatabilism keeps up that if there is the decision of

20 Must-Read Books about Disease and Being Sick

20 Must-Read Books about Disease and Being Sick Ive always been fascinated by diseases and the history of medicine, maybe because I read a lot of classic childrens literature where characters were always catching scarlet fever (or worse). For whatever reason, this fascination has lasted well into adulthood. Any time a new cultural history of a particular disease comes out, or a book about pandemics, I am in. And there are tons of interesting nonfiction books about disease and being sick! Here are 20 of them to get you started learning more about the human body and the history of medicine. Memoirs about Illness Illness as Metaphor by Susan Sontag Sontag writes about how cultural narratives and metaphors involving disease often cast blame on people who are sick. Think, for example, of how often we talk about people who die from cancer having lost a battle. Disease isnt a punishment or a curse, either, or a sign of some inner purity, as you might think if you read only Victorian novels. As Sontag writes, Everyone who is born holds dual citizenship, in the kingdom of the well and in the kingdom of the sick. Although we all prefer to use only the good passport, sooner or later each of us is obliged, at least for a spell, to identify ourselves as citizens of that other place. Sontag writes about cancer and tuberculosis, and in a follow-up to the original book, takes on the topic of AIDS. The two volumes have since been published as one. I read this book in grad school and it changed the way I think about the language of illness. Its a slim book and wont take long to read, and I think its one of the essential books about disease to read. The Cancer Journals  by Audre Lorde Like Sontag, Lorde writes about cancer from her own personal experience. This collection of essays and diary entries investigates the intersection of feminism and breast cancer. Lorde writes about her mastectomy, the cultural pressure women face to look as normal as possible, and how her reaction to her diagnosis is shaped by her identity as a black lesbian feminist poet. Sick by Porochista Khakpour   In this memoir, Khakpour shares her experience of being diagnosed with late-stage Lyme, a diagnosis that finally explained many years of unexplained illness but upended her life. Traveling from New York to California to New Mexico and even further afield in search of the best doctors and treatments, Khakpour contends with hospitalizations, drug addiction, and mounting medical bills in this candid look at what its like to live with a chronic illness. Khakpours book is an essential look at a disease thats been in the headlines. When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi   Neurosurgeon Kalanithi was only 36 when he was diagnosed with Stage IV lung cancer. Facing a terminal diagnosis, he sets out to answer the question of what makes life worth living. In this profoundly moving memoir, he wrestles with questions about having children, how to plan for a future he wont see, and how to go on after the worst. The Collected Schizophrenias by Esme Weijun Wang   In this essay collection, Wang combines personal experience and research to investigate mental illness. Schizophrenia is not a single diagnosis, and its also long been misunderstood by the public and even the medical community. Wang dispels misconceptions as she writes about how schizoaffective disorder has manifested in her own life. Tell Me Everything You Don’t Remember by Christine Hyung-Oak Lee   At the age of 33, Lee had a stroke that turned her world upside down. Struggling to hold memories in her mind, she began to write notes in her journal, later using those notes to create this memoir of the stroke and how it changed her life. What is the connection between memory and self, and how does the way we see ourselves change when our memories are altered? Books About Specific Diseases Rabid by Bill Wasik and Monica Murphy Rabies is probably my number one disease obsession (anyone who knows me is rolling their eyes right now) and this is one of my favorite books about disease ever. Its just that fascinating. Did you know that rabid bats can bite humans without even leaving a mark? Or that one unusual symptom of rabies is, um, spontaneous ejaculation? Youll learn those fun facts and more in this spirited, entertaining cultural history of one of the deadliest diseases known to humans. (The fatality rate of rabies is 100%! Except for a few medical miracles.) The Great Mortality by John Kelly We all know that the Black Plague changed the worldâ€"its hard to argue otherwise when it killed 25 million people in the 14th century, devastating the population of Europe and Asia. This is a straightforward, compulsively readable account of how the plague spread. Kelly crafts a dramatic narrative about the prejudice, misery, sacrifice and more that changed the world forever. Black Death at the Golden Gate by David K. Randall   Most people think of the plague as something medieval, especially since the invention of penicillin. But Randall is here to let us know that the plague is closer than we think. In 1900, a Chinese immigrant named Wong Chut King died a quiet death in San Francisco. A city health officer noticed something unusual, though: a swollen black lymph node that indicated bubonic plague. What followed was a race against time to contain a deadly disease in a fast-growing city, even as officials refused to believe that the plague had returned. Pale Rider by Laura Spinney Believe it or not, historians estimate that more people died in the 1918â€"1920 outbreak of the Spanish Flu than died in World War One. Its one of the most deadly outbreaks in human history but is always overshadowed by the war that came before. Spinney investigates how this pandemic began and how it tested human and medical ingenuity. Was the Spanish Flu as significant in shaping the 20th century as two world wars? Spinney argues yes, and its a truly absorbing read. The Ghost Map by Steven Johnson This is another one of my favorite books about disease. Looking for the story of a cholera outbreak in Victorian London told with the relentless investigative feel of a police procedural? This is it! In 1854, a cholera outbreak devastates London. Not only is there no cure, no one is totally sure how it spreads. Physicians and members of the medical establishment point to the miasma theory, the idea that diseases are spread by bad air from the stinking River Thames, but Dr. John Snow has another theory. He sets out to prove how cholera is spread by tracing the path of the outbreak through a London neighborhood.   Catching Breath by Kathryn Lougheed Tuberculosis has been immortalized in art, film and literature from  La Boheme  to Moulin Rouge. As a disease, its often been romanticized thanks to these portrayalsâ€"but as Lougheed points out, it still kills over a million people a year. And now particularly nasty strains of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis are cropping up around the world. What is it about tuberculosis that so fascinates us? In this compelling history of the disease, we learn about tuberculosiss beginnings 40,000 years ago and how it has cleverly adapted to continue infecting humans, as well as cutting-edge new treatments. The Emperor of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee You dont need me to tell you that cancer is awful. In this sprawling, readable book, Mukherjee gives us a biography of this scourge with so many different deadly forms. Cancer has been around for thousands of years, as youll learn. Treatments have changed so much over time (and are, of course, still changing today) as we try to keep up with this deadly disease. Typhoid Mary: An Urban Historical by Anthony Bourdain   I, too, thought it was a little strange that Anthony Bourdain wrote a book about Mary Mallon, who was a cook known for unwittingly affecting the families she worked for with typhoid fever. But I guess its the cooking connection. Regardless, this is a slim, breezy read that tells Marys rather sad story with all of Bourdains trademark charm and verve. Polio: An American Story by David M. Oshinsky   I feel like polio could be a season of American Horror Story, to be honest. Its hard to imagine now, but the idea of polio once terrorized the world. The disease often struck children and permanently damaged their nerve cells. Oshinsky describes the race to find a cure for polio, which was the source of an intense rivalry between Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin. And as Oshinsky reveals, polio may not have been the all-encompassing threat people imaginedâ€"but it nevertheless became a specter hanging over daily life in post-war North America. General Books about Disease and Medicine Get Well Soon by Jennifer Wright If youre looking for a general book about several of the worst plagues in human history, this is the perfect read for you. With tons of humor and an evident fascination with her subject matter, Wright looks at a few of the most notorious plagues humans have suffered, from tuberculosis to AIDS. The book is a well-researched overview of these diseases rather than a deep dive, but its a good book to dip in and out of. Being Mortal by Atul Gawande   This isnt quite a book about disease, but its nevertheless a fascinating look at medicine and the changes that medical advances bring to our lives. Modern medicine has made it possible for people to live longer than ever before. But along with increased lifespans come nursing homes and treatments that prolong rather than end suffering. Gawande, a surgeon, examines the limitations of medicine as the end of life approaches. The Pandemic Century by Mark Honigsbaum   Just over 100 years ago, the Spanish Flu devastated the world. But what no one could predict was that outbreak was just the beginning of a century of unanticipated public health disasters. Honigsbaum writes about the past 100 years in pandemics, covering well-known and forgotten outbreaks. Along the way, we learn about the limits of medicine and about how diseases can exacerbate existing racial and religious tensions. The Next Pandemic by Ali S. Khan If youre like me, you spend a lot of time wondering what new pandemics life has in store for us. (Im very fun at parties.) Khan, a public health first responder, recounts disasters hes witnessed, including outbreaks of anthrax and bird flu, and how the effectiveness of the human response is often what decides how deadly an outbreak will be. On Immunity by Eula Biss   Many diseases are making comebacks these days because parents arent vaccinating their children. When Biss became a parent, she was surprised at her own fear of vaccinating her child. (She did vaccinate, and this is a pro-vaccination book, just to be clear.) She writes eloquently about the idea of immunity, considering questions like what it means to inject a bit of a disease into your body in the name of protecting yourself from it, and if were ever truly protected. Is immunity an individual choice or a societal one? And what is behind the anti-vaxx movement? If youre looking for more books about disease, you may want to check out a couple of other Book Riot lists: 5 Fiction and Nonfiction Books About Medicine;  50 Books to Read if You Love Medicine; 100 Must-Read Books About the History of Medicine. Happy reading, and stay vaccinated!  

Judaism, Religion, Philosophy, Culture And Way Of Life Of...

Judaism is one of the world’s oldest religions founded 3500 years ago in the Middle East and remains an important faith today. Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. The history of the Jewish people begins with Abraham. Abraham was the first to forsake polytheism and idol worshipping for the belief in one God. Abraham descendants lived in peace until a new Pharaoh in Egypt felt threatened by the Jews so he made them slaves. It is said that God instructed Moses to lead the decedents of Abraham out of Egypt and to the Promised Land. They came to Mt. Sinai where God first appeared to Moses in a burning bush, Moses ascended Mt. Sinai and according to tradition returned with the Ten Commandments along with other laws as a covenant with the people of Israel. (Young) Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. Judaism is all over the world. Jewish communities have been in most parts of the world for many centuries. They speak different languages and may be of any color. There are three major sects of Judaism, which include Orthodox, conservative and reform sect. Orthodox Jews are those who maintain the most traditional beliefs and practices of the religion. They strictly observe the dietary laws (â€Å"kosher†) and the practices of the Sabbath. Reform Judaism was founded in 1873 by Rabbi IsaacShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jewish History1631 Words   |  7 PagesJewish History Throughout the history of the world, the Jewish people have been persecuted and oppressed because of their religious beliefs and faith. Many groups of people have made Jews their scapegoat. Jews have suffered from years of intolerance because people have not understood what the religion really means. They do not understand where and why the religion began, nor the customs of its people. For one to understand the great hardships, triumphs, and history of the Jewish people oneRead MoreReligious Rituals : Prayer Meetings And Confessions905 Words   |  4 PagesReligious Rituals There are many religions that are practice around the world such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism just to name a few and they all have similar traditions, beliefs and rituals based on revelation from a supreme being, depending on the people and culture that practice and follow those religions on a daily basis. In western cultures which predominately practices Christian religion, churches, prayers, bible studies and baptism as an infant or an adult are someRead MoreThe Conflict Between Judaism And The Hellenistic And Roman Worlds2278 Words   |  10 Pages As dissimilar as they were, the encounter between Judaism and the Hellenistic and Roman worlds – with the latter taking on much of what the Greeks stood for – should not be considered as a clash between civilizations. Doing so, I believe, would render a complex society and a dynamic process into an absolute and a static one. The postexilic period had obviously brought Jews into contact and in activity with the surrounding non-Jewish communities in which they now lived; however, this social andRead MoreThe Conflict Between Judaism And The Hellenistic And Roman Worlds2278 Words   |  10 Pages As dissimilar as they were, the encounter between Judaism and the Hellenistic and Roman worlds – with the latter taking on much of what the Greeks stood for – should not be considered as a clash between civilizations. Doing so, I believe, would render a complex society and a dynamic process into an absolute and a static one. The postexilic period had obviously brought Jews into contact and in activity with the surrounding non-Jewish communities in which they now lived; however, this social andRead MoreServant Leadership : What Makes A Great Leader?1056 Words   |  5 Pagesmany religions, but it is also linked to many successful global companies that merged decades ago. The fact is servant leadership is just compatible with religions, one does not have to be religious to be a servant leader. This has been a misconception as much so as stating that servant leadership is just a practice. Servant leadership goes beyond just a practice, it is a philosophy. Many times thi s servant leadership philosophy can be difficult to apply because of the variety of global culture contextRead MoreThe Role Of Religions In Continual Opposition Around The World1447 Words   |  6 Pagesvarying cultures of the planet are in continual opposition around the world based on Religion, Ethics, and Moral Obligation. The world has 19 Major Religions and 270 different Major Religious groups recognized by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO. This variation of religions and beliefs is the main reason on why Human Rights and Culture are constantly in conflict. The top 5 religions of the World differ in one absolute way and that is the first three (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism) areRead MoreArt Commission Statement 11333 Words   |  6 Pagesnamed the Ten Commands â€Å"Decalogue,† because of its verification to Jesus’ word. The Ten Commandments were a promise made by Jesus to the people and if followed would not be in danger of sin. The Ten Comma ndments hold many moral principles people hold true even today, even in the law. The Ten Commandments have influenced changes in the world and reflect Jewish and Christian concepts in humanity as a whole. The desired piece of sculpture, art piece, or painting is what will reflect on bothRead MoreMy Life as an Orthodox Jew797 Words   |  3 PagesAs the daughter of a Jewish woman, I grew up in an Orthodox Jewish family; so therefore I follow the Torah just like my family taught me. Orthodox Judaism, also known as Conservative Judaism, is a form of Judaism that is very strict and applies the laws and ethics of the Torah. Even though my family is more into the modern orthodox we still follow and respect our religion beliefs, philosophies, and practices. We follow and participate in all Jewish holidays and rituals. As an Orthodox Jew my familyRead MoreModern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pagesamount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people pract ice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of the world, it goes as farRead MoreRabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, A Jewish Scholar, Astrologer And Physician Of The Twelfth Century1407 Words   |  6 PagesMaimonides or by the acronym RaMBaM, was a Jewish scholar, astrologer and physician of the twelfth century considered to be one of Judaism’s greatest sages. His revolutionary publications were essential in the development of the Shulchan Aruch, the practiced Code of Jewish Law and maintaining Jewish continuity throughout the ages. Maimonides was born in 1135 in Cordoba, Spain to his mother and father, Rabbi Maimon, and would go on to study medicine and philosophy in unison with his religious studies.

High-speed Train from Las Vegas to Los Angeles Free Essay Example, 2250 words

According to Wilton Woods (1989) future intercity passenger mobility will be dependent on fully utilizing all of the available options. However, much of the criticism of high-speed rail is based on concerns about its cost-effectiveness in the near to medium term. This is of particular concern since HSR is likely to rely more heavily than other modes (automobile, air, and intercity bus) on general tax revenues as opposed to user fees/taxes, although the user fees/taxes that support those other modes may not cover their so-called externality costs i. e. costs that those modes impose on other people, such as environmental pollution and deaths and injuries due to crashes (Wilton Woods 1989) Critics of high-speed rail travel say that it is not very cost-effective, but numerous benefits have been cited in support of the development of high-speed rail, including the reduction of pollution and energy usage in the transportation sector, the potential to alleviate airport and highway congesti on, improving transportation safety, promoting economic development, the provision of more options for travelers, and increasing the reliability of transport by increasing redundancy in the transportation system. Alleviation of congestion in airports and highways. High-speed rail has the capability of relieving air traffic and highway congestion in heavily traveled corridors. The use of high-speed rail can also be beneficial to commuter rail and freight rail movements if utilized on a separate right-of-way, as such services tend to share the same tracks used by already existing inter-city passenger train services. Thus, by the alleviation of congestion, high-speed rail has the potential to reduce the need to spend money on capacity expansions in other modes. Research and studies have been conducted, showing the need for high-speed rail to be extremely competitive in the area of speed and cost, in order to attract automobile travelers, because automobile travel offers more flexibili ty in the area of departure time, and does not require people to share their space with strangers. We will write a custom essay sample on High-speed Train from Las Vegas to Los Angeles or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

Realism in Poetry of Rabindranath Tagore - 3311 Words

SYNOPSIS OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME FOR Ph. D DEGREE IN ENGLISH Research Topic: â€Å"Realism in Tagore’s Poetry† Research Scholar : (Sumer Prasad) S/o Late Mahendra Prasad Vill. Semari, P. O. Gothain Dist. Ballia, U. P. Supervisor : Dr.( Ravi Shankar Singh) P. G. College, Ghazipur U. P. Co-Supervisor : Dr. (A. K. Mishra) Reader, Dept. of English D. C. S. K. (P. G.) College, Mau, U. P. Research Centre : D. C. S. Khandelwal (P. G.) College, Maunath Bhanja Mau, U. P. VEER BAHADUR SINGH PURVANCHAL UNIVERSITY, JAUNPUR (U. P.) Chapter Scheme Introduction Chapter 1: Towards an understanding of Realism Chapter 2: Realism in Tagore’s Poetry†¦show more content†¦It is thus, not concerned with idealization with rendering things as beautiful when they are not, or in any way presenting them in any guise as they are not; nor, as a rule, is realism concerned with presenting the supra normal or transcendental† Though, of course, the writings of Richard Rolle of Hampole, for example, or the mystical poems of St. John of the Cross, are realistic enough if we believe in God and the spiritual order. The writing of the mystic and the visionary perhaps belongs to a rather special category which might be called ‘Super reality; on the whole one tends to think of realism in terms of the everyday, the normal, the pragmatic, more crudely, it suggests jackers off, sleeves rolled up, a ‘no nonsense’ approach. The term realism in 20th century trends and movements can be better understood as, â€Å"a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or refl ecting faithfully an actual way of life† (Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms). The term, sometimes confusingly, suggests both to a literaryShow MoreRelatedRabindranath Tagore1951 Words   |  8 PagesESSAY WRITING RABINDRANATH TAGORE: A WORLD HERITAGE â€Å"All men have poetry in their hearts, and it is necessary for them, as much as possible, to express their feelings. For this, they must have a medium, moving and plaint, which can refreshingly become their own, age after age. All great languages undergo change. Those languages which resist the spirit of change are doomed and will never produce great harvests of thought and literature†¦.. † These are the words of Rabindranath Tagore, the great BengaliRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesfrom the colonial literature. Hence the post colonial literature in India witnessed a revolution against the idiom which the colonial writers followed. Gradually the Indian English authors began employing the techniques of hybrid language, magic realism peppered with native themes. Thus from a post colonial era Indian literature ushered into the modern and then the post-modern era. The saga of the Indian English novel therefore stands as the tale of Changing tradition, the story of a changing IndiaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Literary Works Of Bash Ã…Å', Khayyam, And Tagore2123 Words   |  9 Pagesexpressing thoughts and feelings through representing reality by employing visual expressions. In the literary works of BashÃ… , Khayyà ¡m, and Tagore, natural imagery play a fundamental role in illustrating inner thoughts, vocalizing silent feelings, and dramatizing froze n emotions. A good deal of Western scholarship on the works of BashÃ… , Omar Khayyà ¡m, and Tagore describe the employment(s) of imagery (among other literary techniques) in their poems and prose as avant-grade, which minimizes the literaryRead MoreThe Home and the World5529 Words   |  23 Pagesthe World    | Book cover | Author | Rabindranath Tagore | Original title | à ¦ËœÃ  ¦ °Ã  §â€¡ à ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¡Ã  ¦ °Ã  §â€¡ Ghare Baire | Country | India | Language | Bengali | Genre(s) | Autobiographical novel | Publication date | 1916 | Media type | Print (Hardback Paperback) | ISBN | NA | The Home and the World 1916 (in the original Bengali, à ¦ËœÃ  ¦ °Ã  §â€¡ à ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¡Ã  ¦ °Ã  §â€¡ Ghà ´re Baire, lit. At home [and] outside) is a 1916 novel by Rabindranath Tagore. The book illustrates the battle Tagore had with himself, between the ideas of WesternRead MoreIndo-English Women Poetry: A Journey From Feminism to Post-Feminism1820 Words   |  8 PagesIndo-English poetry began to be written and until rather recently continued to be written under the influence of the English romantic poets such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Byron and even Walter Scott. The poetry of the period is marked by a highly subjective tone and uninhibited expression of personal feeling. Also, nature and its variegated scenes form a background, especially nature in its natural untamed manifestations. Witness for example these lines from Toru Dutt’s (1856-1877)Read MoreNon Technical Topic6523 Words   |  27 Pagesthe NRI ones, the frontal line of attack is on their a uthenticity. Its time to take the bull by the horns. What exactly is this authenticity which results in such a hullabaloo? Authenticity is about reality; at the same time it is not about realism carried to extremities, describing each and every minute detail as it exists. Reproduction of life exactly as it exists is not art: photography cannot replace painting, nor can a tape recorder replace a singer. We say a work of fiction is authenticRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesturned to prostitution were often subject to gynecological inspection and other types of enforced medical inspection and treatment, said to protect men from syphilis. Other women were higherclass courtesans, whose skills in conversation, music, and poetry earned them substantial sums. They might even live together in all-female households with large fortunes. â€Å"Industrialists, government officers, other businessmen come here now; they have lots of black money [undeclared cash] that they bring with

Performance practice free essay sample

Beethoven was widely known as a classical period composer, but he also regarded as a great adventure and a predecessor to Romantic period. HIS compositional career Is usually divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods and the late period was from about 1815 till his death, and also undoubtedly recognized as a transition period from Classical period to Romantic period. This is a magic period that Beethoven created a great transition, like what he did in his composition for the next generation.I will take his middle-period piano sonata Pop. AAA as an example to talk about reference practice In this piece, such as form, harmony, articulation, ornamentation, and tempo. I will explore what Inventions he created, how he changed and transited too new period. II. The Background of Beethovens Piano Sonata Pop. AAA in E-flat Major Beethovens Piano Sonata Pop. AAA in E-flat Major, known as the Less Adieus sonata, was written during the years 1809 and 1810. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This sonata has three movements-?Ads Elbow, Absinthe, and Ads Whitewashed (The Farewell, Absence, and The Reunion, respectively). The emotions represented by this sonata are not those of a love-story or a hero-worship Tory. The music is a monument to the friendship, deep as any friendship formed in schooldays and manly as Beethovens ripest art. This is the first and only Sonata by Beethoven which has a definite programmer to indicate its contents.It was dedicated to Archduke Rudolph, the youngest son of Emperor Leopold. Archduke Rudolf was also a musician who might have made a reputation as such if he had been cast adrift around the world. At the age of sixteen he became a pupil of Beethoven; and It Is impossible not to recognize a special quality In the numerous Important works that Beethoven dedicated to him-?the present Sonata, the Be Concerto, the last Violin Sonata, Pop. 96, the last Trio, Pop. 97, the Seventh Symphony, and the Missal Solemnizes in D major.These were not even half of the list of works dedicated to the Archduke Rudolf; and they have in common a magnificence of scale, a gorgeous wealth of invention, a beauty at once majestic and energetic that may Indeed be found wherever Beethoven has much to say, but here more obviously than In other works. Beethoven once referred to the work as a characteristic sonata, thereby directly suggesting that the work is in the sense that it conveys certain characteristic motions or moods. This sonatas character is more fruitfully understood in relation to the military and political events of the time.The period of its composition witnessed a significant blossoming of Austrian nationalism as well as a landmark war of Napoleons. Understanding the historical context of these subtitles not only sheds light on the program of the sonata, but In turn helps highlight certain musical Issues explored in the work as well. Furthermore, cons idering this sonata is the third great sonata of the middle period and a bridge between middle and later period, it will be Leary demonstrated what had been changed and what were no longer stick to the rules of Classical period. Ill. The Influence of Partitions in Beethovens Life I. The history of his pianos After the Invention of appropriate, the early Plano had gained widespread use and was Nerve still quite different in construction, touch, pedal, and tone from modern piano today. 1 1 . The keyboard compass around the sass was generally five octaves, such as the appropriate by Walter, was the pianos played by Mozart, by Clementine until the sass, by Haydn until his London visits, and by Beethoven.

Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Example Essay Example

Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Example Paper Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Introduction Historical costs are irrelevant because they are past costs and, therefore, cannot differ among alternative future courses of action, 11-3 Quantitative factors are outcomes that are measured in numerical terms. Some quantitative factors are financial–that is, they can be easily expressed in monetary terms. Direct materials is an example to a quantitative financial factor. Qualitative factors are outcomes that are difficult to measure accurately in numerical terms. An example is employee morale. 14 Two potential problems that should be avoided in relevant cost analysis are (i) (ii) Do not assume all variable costs are elevate and all fixed costs are irrelevant. Do not use unit- cost data directly. It can mislead decision makers because a. It may include irrelevant costs, and b. Comparisons Of unit costs computed at different output levels lead to erroneous conclusions 11-5 Opportunity cost is the contribution to income that is forgone (rejected) by not using a limited resource in its next-best alternative use. 11-6 No. Some variable costs may not differ among the alternatives under consideration and, hence, Will be irrelevant, Some fixed costs may differ among the alternatives and, hence, will be relevant. 11-520 Copyright C 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter II 11-7 No. Managers should aim to get the highest contribution margin per unit of the constraining (that is, scarce, limiting, or critical) factor. The co ingraining factor is what restricts or limits the production or sale of a given product (for example, availability of machine- hours). 11-8 No. When deciding on the quantity of inventory to buy, managers must consider both the purchase cost per unit and the opportunity cost Of funds invested in the inventory. For example. The purchase cost per unit may be low when the quantity of inventory purchased is large, but the benefit of the I were cost may be more than offset by the high opportunity cost of the funds NV Estes in acquiring and holding invento ry. 11-9 No. For example, if the revenues that will be lost exceed the costs that will be saved, the branch or business segment should not be shut down. Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Body Paragraphs Shutting down will only increase the 1055. Allocated costs are always irrelevant to the shut- down decision. 11-10 Cost written off as depreciation is irrelevant when it pertains to costs for equipment already purchased. But the purchase cost of new equipment to be acquired in the future that will later be written off as depreciation is relevant_ II-II NO. Managers tend to favor the alternative that makes their performance look best, so they focus on the measures used in the performance-evaluation model. If the performance-evaluation model does not emphasize maximizing operating income or minimizing coos TTS, managers Will most likely not choose the alternative that maximizes operating income or minimizes costs. 11-12 No. Relevant costs are defined as those expected future costs that differ among alternative courses of action being considered. Thus, future costs that do not differ among the alternatives are irrelevant to deciding which alternative to choose. Copyright 2013 Pearson C anada Inc. 11-521 Instructor’s Solutions Manual for Cost Accounting, ice EXERCISES 11-13 (10 min. Terminology. A full absorption cost refers to all manufacturing costs including all MOM where ease full product costs refers to all period or non-manufacturing costs as well as all manufacturing costs to bring the product to point of sale. The pop routine’ cost is the value lost because a different alternative was not chosen. The incremental revenue and incremental cost are the unique inflows and outflows arising from a specific alternative, should it be chosen. Similarly an o TLA cost arises from implementation of a specific alternative. In comparison a differential cost is the savings or added costs that arise when comparing alternatives to the current state. At some point the choice must be made and frequently a management team can suffer paralysis by analysis because they seek more and more information, There are some costs that are always irrelevant and one category i s sunk costs that have already been spent and cannot be recovered by making a different decision. One way to select an alternative is to use an optimization technique called linear programming. Optimization under specific constraints on resources may target either in cost minimization or profit minimization. The technical name to calculate What Will be optimized is the objective function. II- 14 (20 min. ) Disposal of assets. 1. This is an unfortunate situation, yet the 588,000 costs are irrelevant regarding the decision to remaining or scar AP. The only relevant factors are the future revenues and future costs. By ignoring the accumulated costs and deciding on the basis Of expected future costs, operating income will be maximized losses minimized). The difference in favor Of remaining is $3,300: (a) (b) Remaining Scrap Future revenues $38,500 SO,200 Deduct future costs 33,000 operating income $5,500 $2,200 Difference in favor of remaining $3,300 1 1-522 11-14 (cont’d) New tr uck Deduct current disposal price of existing truck Rebuild existing truck Difference in favor Of rebuilding Note here t hat the current disposal price of $1 1 ,OHO is relevant, but the original cost (or book value, if the truck were not brand new) is irrelevant. II-IS (10 min. ) Inventory decision, opportunity costs. 1. Unit cost, orders of 20,000 59. 00 Unit cost, order of 240,000 (0. 96 $9. 00) 58. 64 Alternatives under consideration: (a) Buy 240,000 units at start of year. (b) ay,CO units at start of each month. B Average investment in inventory: (a) (240,000 D $8. 64) -2-2 $1, 036,800 $9. 00) 42 90,000 Difference in average investment s 946,800 Opportunity cost of interest forgone from 240,CO unit purchase at start of year = $946,800 0. 0 = $94,680 2. No. The $94,680 is an opportunity cost rather than an incremental or outlay cost. No actual transaction records the $94,680 as an entry in the accounting system. $101,200 $7,700 (b) (a) Replace $112,200 11,000 Rebuild 593,500 $93, SO This too is an unfortunate situation. But the $110,000 original cost is irrelevant to this decision. The difference in favor of rebuilding is $7,700: 11-523 11-15 (cont’d) 3. The following table presents the two alternatives: Alternative A: Alternative a: Purchase Purchase 240,000 20,000 spark plugs at spark plugs beginning of at beginning year of each month Difference (1) (2) Annual purchase-order costs $ 200 (1 C $200: 12 0 $200) $ 2,400 S (2,200) Annual purchase (incremental) costs (86,400) (240,000 0 $9) Annual interest income that could be earned if investment in inventory were invested (opportunity cost) (10% $90,000) 03,680 9,000 34,680 Relevant costs 52177,480 $6,080 Column (3) indicates that purchasing 20,000 spark plugs at the beginning of EAI chi month is preferred relative to purchasing 240,000 spark plugs at the beginning of the year because the opportunity cost of holding larger invention ray exceeds the lower purchasing and ordering costs. If other incremen tal benefits Of holding lower inventory such as lower insurance, materials handling, storage, obsolescence, and breakage costs were considered, the costs under Alternative A would have been higher, and Alternative B would be preferred even more. 11-524 Copyright 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 11-16 (20 min. ) Relevant and irrelevant costs. Relevant costs Variable costs Avoidable fixed costs purchase price unit relevant cost Dalton Computers should reject Peach’s offer. The $30 of fixed costs are irrelevant because they will be incurred regardless of this decision. When comparing relevant costs between the choices, Peach’s offer price is higher than the cost to continue to produce, 2. Cash operating costs (4 years) Current disposal value of old machine Cost of new machine Total relevant costs AP Manufacturing should replace the old machine. The cost savings are far greater than the cost to purchase the new machine. Difference $80,000 532,000 (2,500) 2,500 $80,000 $ 53,500 $26,500 Make $180 20 $200 Buy 11-525 Instructors Solutions Manual for Cost Accounting, ice II-17 (10 min. ) The careening personal computer. Considered alone, book value is irrelevant as measure of 1055 when equipment is destroyed. The measure of the e loss is replacement cost or some computation of the Keep Replace 8,000 (8,000) $210 $210 present value of future services lost because of equipment loss or damage. In the specific case described, the following observations may be apt: Lully amortized item probably is relatively old. Chances are that the loss from this equipment is less than the loss for a partially amortized item because the replacement cost of an old item would be far sees than that for a nearly new item. The loss Of an Old item, assuming replacement is necessary, automatically accelerates the t miming Of replacement. Thus, if the Old item were to be junked and replaced tomorrow, no economic loss would be evident. However, if the old item were supposed to last five more years, replacement is accelerated five years. The best practical measure of such a loss probably would be the cost of memorable used equipment that had five years of remaining useful life. The fact that the computer was fully amortized also means the accounting reports will not be affected by the accident. If accounting reports are used to evaluate the office man germ†s performance, the manager will prefer any accidents to be on fully amortized units. 11-526 11-18 (25030 min. ) Closing and opening stores. I. Solution Exhibit II 18, Column 1, presents the relevant loss in revenues and the relevant savings in costs from closing the Surrey store. Lopez is correct that Sanchez Corporation’s operating income would increase by SO,OHO it closes own the Surrey store. Closing down the Surrey store results in a loss Of revenues of $860,000 but cost savings of $867,000 (from cost of goods sold, rent, labor, utilities, and corporate costs). Not e that by closing down the Surrey store, Sanchez Corporation will save none of the equipment-related costs because this is a past cost. Also note that the relevant corporate overhead costs are the actual corporate overhead costs $44,000 that Sanchez expects to save by closing the Surrey store, The corporate overhead of 940,000 allocated to the Surrey store is irrelevant to the analysis. Solution Exhibit 11 8, Column 2, presents the relevant revenues and relevant costs of pop engine another store like the Surrey store. Lopez is correct that opening such a store would increase Sanchez Corporation’s operating income by $11 ,OHO. Incremental revenues of $860,000 exceed the incremental costs of $849,000 (fro m higher cost of goods sold, rent, labor, utilities, and some additional corporate costs). Note that the cost of equipment written off as depreciation is relevant because it is an expected future cost that Sanchez will incur only if it opens the new store. Also note that the relevant corporate overhead costs are the $4,000 of actual corporate overhead costs that Sanchez expects to incur as a result Of opening the new store. Sanchez may, in fact, allocate more than $4,000 of corporate overhead to the new store but this allocation is irrelevant to the analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Accounting Solutions Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

10 Ways to Impress a Science Fair Judge

10 Ways to Impress a Science Fair Judge How do you know if your science fair project has what it takes to win an award at the science fair? Here are 10 ways you can impress the science fair judge and take the prize. Make a genuine scientific breakthrough or invent something new. Judges admire creativity and genuine innovation. You dont need to cure cancer, but you should try to look at something in a novel way or devise a new procedure or product.Draw valid conclusions from your data. The best project idea will fail if you dont interpret your data correctly.Find a real-world application for your project. Pure research is commendable, but there is almost always a potential use for the knowledge.Clearly explain your purpose, how the science fair project was conducted, your results, and your conclusions. Make sure you understand your science fair project and that you can explain it clearly to the science fair judge. Practice describing your project to friends, family, or in front of the mirror.Understand the background material related to the project. This can be through interviews, library research, or any other method that allows you to gather information not already known to you. Science fair ju dges want you to learn from your project, so go looking for facts and studies relating to your idea. Design a clever or elegant apparatus for your project. The paperclip isnt complex, which is part of why it is such a great invention.Use analytical methods to process your data (such as a statistical analysis).Repeat your experiment to verify your results. In some cases, this can take the form of multiple trials.Have a poster that is neat, clear, and free of errors. Its fine to seek help with this part of the project.Use the scientific method. Combine background research with experimentation and analysis.

Microeconomics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Microeconomics - Coursework Example The seven companies claim that China government avails subsidies to its enterprises in an effort to increase their sales in the US market. According to EU Prosun, there is substantial proof that China is dumping solar panels in both the US and EU markets (1). Without any doubt, Chinese government policies demonstrate that companies are selling their solar panels at a price below the production cost. The contention has its origins in a surge of cheap Chinese solar panels that made several US companies go bankrupt. The US government has actually taken some bold steps to reduce the inflow of cheap solar panels from both Taiwan and China. The decision is part of the long battle between the US and Asian markets. Statistics shows â€Å"both Taiwanese and Chinese governments exported solar panels and related products to the US worth $2.15 billion† (Mauldin 1). Germanys SolarWorld AG, a unit based in the US, brought the most recent case. The company claims to be a casualty of both dumping and unreasonable endowments from China. As a result, these practices harm the companys ability to increase its sales in the US markets. In a different turn, â€Å"the US government has additionally blamed Chinese hackers for infiltrating into computer systems of SolarWorld with an aim of picking up competitive advantages† (Mauldin 4). Against all odds, both the Taiwanese and Chinese governments failed to defend itself on some specific inquiries (US Department of Commerce

Managment and Leadership analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managment and Leadership analysis paper - Essay Example Business organizations are cutting down on costs with sponsored travels to conferences, meetings and trainings being usually the first to go. Families are also cancelling their holiday travels as these present significant expenses unwise in the face of job insecurities and shrinking currency value. As people and organizations prefer not to travel, occupancy rates have fallen leading to rapidly shrinking revenues that could be barely enough to sustain overhead costs. Tourism-related businesses are not new to the prospect of crisis and its effects on the industry. War, terrorism and disease outbreaks have severely affected tourism statistics before but the current situation is unique as the effects are immediate but long-lasting. The credit crunch also affects consumer finances while terrorism and diseases only affects consumer confidence. People are easier to convince to take vacations and business meetings when they have the money to spend. The current economic crisis, therefore, calls for an analysis and evaluation of management practices. This paper aims to determine and evaluate hotel management practices designed to address the current economic crisis. First, the state of the UK hotel industry is presented to enable the reader to know the current conditions. Based on this knowledge, an analysis would then be conducted on appropriate measures to be adapted on the following areas of hotel operations and management: revenue management, cost control and guest satisfaction. To know the cure for an ailment, one must first have relevant and useful information. Hence, an understanding of the current conditions of the industry is called for before proceeding with the determination of appropriate hotel management practices. In the following, we will be looking into the trends and developments of tourism and its effects on the hotel industry. As with all other industries, the tourism sector is currently weathering the effects of the

Analysis of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals

Analysis of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals When God died, what happened to the people? Therefore neither can an animal move about in the closed as such, no more than it can comport itself toward the unconcealed. The animal is excluded from the essential domain of the conflict between unconcealedness and concealedness. The sign of such an exclusion is that no animal or plant â€Å"has the word. (Heidegger: 1992:159-60) The concealed in Heidegger is that which conceals from us it’s being. What emerges in Heidegger, in his pursuit of this clearing, is the slim line – the slippery border, between human and animal. The animal in Heidegger cannot see the sun as it rushes towards it: it can never dissocial the sun as a being. It is at once open and non-open, or rather, it operates in an ambiguity between the two fields. Man in Heidegger becomes that which is produced precisely at this border: at the moment of caesura and articulation between human and animal: it is this that passes for man, and it is this than expresses well the relationship of man to language. Man is never outside language: language is always already expressed as a radical exclusion of that which is not which operates as a fundamental category of exclusion(Agamben: 2004a: 91) The last century and a half have been full of attempts to move outside of language: to pass into new notions of subjectivity that move outside of what it is to be human. Nietzsche’s attempt to destroy traditional notions of subjectivity stands out as a crystallisation point in a process that sees Delouse, Foucault and Derrida, to name the three philosophers this dissertation will discuss, move outside notions of the human trapped within language and the creation of the subject. In doing so they criticise a notion of the subject trapped within binary constructions and the hierarchical notions of the subject that one finds in Hegel; in doing so they echo the criticism of Christianity that Nietzsche made. This dissertation will analyse the reasons for which Nietzsche attempts to destroy the traditional notion of the subject and replace it with a particularism notion of the subject: forever in astute of becoming that escapes binary configurations. We will evaluate to what extent he was successful in his enterprise, and what type of subjectivity was brought forth. In analysing the ways in which Deleuze,Foucault and Derrida take up his project, we will analyse a genealogy of thought that attempts to successively move beyond what we understands human. These three methods open up a series of liberating possibilities to philosophy and politics, and the configurations of these possibilities we be analysed. However, in the radical indeterminacy of Derrida, in the pessimistic, frantic activism of Foucault, and in the schizo-analysis of Delouse we can detect the same problem that we find in Nietzsche: at work in him is that oblivion (or as Bataille would term it, that excess) â€Å"which lies at the foundation of the biologist of the nineteenth century and of psychoanalysis† and what produces â€Å"monstrous anthropomorphization of†¦ the animal and a corresponding animalization of man† (Heidegger: 1992:152). Heidegger still believed, as none of the philosophers considered in the dissertation do, in the possibility of a good project of the polis; that there was still a good historical space in which one could find a historical destiny grounded in being. He, later in life, realized his mistake. In this, he comes toe point where his criticism of Nietzsche becomes most pointed. Nietzsche’s eulogisation of man is that which pre-empts the emptying out of value we find a man at the end of history. Nietzsche is blind to what the caesura of naming man as such might mean: in doing so, and in asserting the gelatinisation of the truth of the polis, the ambiguous border between man and animal collapses. It is precisely the â€Å"essential border between the mystery of the living being and the mystery of what is historical† (Heidegger: 1992:239) that is not dealt with by Nietzsche’s work and it is thus constantly exposed to the possibility of an â€Å"unlimited and groundless anthropomorphization of the animal† that places the animal above man and makes a ‘super-man’ (ibid:160) of it. Life becomes reified over and above the precise condition of its existence; that very condition which makes it always already in dependency on those very grounds of its existence. We will find this same problem repeated in Foucault, who in his criticism of the construction of the subject in modernity illustrates the way in which modern notions of sovereignty act directly on the bios of modern man; this is where modernity begins to act on animal life(this time where equivalence has rendered the possibility of time null)and what is at stake in the construction of the subject is the possibility of his life. Yet, Foucault, like Nietzsche, illustrates this genealogy of dependence without being able to elucidate its historical specificity, which is in its construction of a zone of exclusion at the basis of ontology itself (this can be seen in Foucault’s error in treating bio power as a modern phenomenon). This same problem is manifest in the differ and of Derrida, and in Deleuze’s notion of the organs without a body: each in turns finds itself the symptom of the radical historicism. Each proclaims this symptom a cure, without realising that the cure they offer is precisely that which is the symptom. In all these theorists what this amounts to is misunderstanding of the nature of language. Thus, while Nietzsche manages to destroy stable notions of the subject, the unstable notion he replaces them with, while apparently liberating, exists within the same binaries he seeks to destroy, and moreover, allows for the exactly the same herd instinct that he seeks to overcome. I. Why I needed to kill God I.I We see ourselves in every mirror What, in all strictness, has really conquered the Christian God? (†¦) Christian morality itself, the concept of truthfulness taken more and more strictly, the confessional subtlety of the Christian conscience translated and sublimated into the scientific conscience, into intellectual cleanliness at any price. To view nature as if it were a proof of the goodness and providence of a God; to interpret history to the glory of divine reason, as the perpetual witness to a moral world order and moral intentions; to interpret one’s own experiences, as pious men long interpreted them, as if everything were preordained, everything a sign, everything sent for salvation of the soul that now belongs to the past, that has conscience against it†¦. In this way, Christianity as a dogma was destroyed by its own morality†¦. (Nietzsche: 1969:160) Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals outlines the way in which Christianity formulates its notion of the subject. The Christian super-ego is posited as salvation, as the point towards which one works. Thus, the Christian subject exists as, first and foremost, alack: it is not what it wishes to be. Yet, as Nietzsche points out, this lack is a condition and construction of the subject within Christianity: one resembles oneself and yet in order to find deliverance must become more of oneself and in doing so one finds justification for the present order of things. The Christian superegos to be found in God, and then, surprise, surprise, the Christian ego can be found placed in the soul of the body. This parallels the analysis that Foucault makes of the subject (1999, 1975). The law construct the subject as normal (and in doing so sets up an exclusion of the abnormal, or that which is not: that which has no voice – icon-human) and in this process creates a desiring-subject, who desires what the law has not given it. Yet these desires are what are created by the notion of the subject placed upon one: one is created absent, oars not that, not this, but always awaiting a day when one can be called by a proper name. It is this awaiting a proper name that Nietzsche attacks most strongly, and in this theory of language we shall see Nietzsche allows no place for such a proper name. A proper name relation, Nietzsche argues, is always a relationship between a creditor and a debtor; it is always typified by the dependence or lack, and as such prevents the possibility that of morality to be free and joyous. Nietzsche though, and is not commented on very much, reserves some tender thoughts for Christianity. It is a primal Christianity, a Dionysian Christianity, that Nietzsche can endorse. As much can be seen in the quote that started this section: Nietzsche’s criticism of Christianity should not be seen to be limited to Christianity. Rather, it extends to all relationships of debt and obligation to a structuring super-ego. It was not Nietzsche, he claims, that killed Christianity, it was Christianity itself, and Nietzsche loathes the nihilism that replaces it just as much. We can discern three criticisms of Christianity/nihilism in the quote that started this dissertation. Nietzsche elaborates that one of the structures of Christianity is the idea of a puritanical truthfulness, which has been sublimated into scientific consciousness. Nietzsche’s primary criticism of this truthfulness is that is relies upon a correspondence theory of truth: it requires an external state that can be matched in some way to an internal state (which then requires a subject to have such an internal state). For Nietzsche, consciousness created in such a way in simply ashram, an intentional lie: consciousness lies free and unbounded – it has no centre around which it can orientate itself. Furthermore, the mapping between a real world of existent things (Kant’s ding an such)and a subjective world of language is not possible. It is not possible because language only ever refers to itself. To use Saussure’s(1995:12) terminology, a sign can only have meaning within another setoff signs; it has no essential relationship to the world that is signified. A correspondence theory of truth attempts to hold up astatic a world that is in constant flux and in doing so negates the possibility of human freedom, which Nietzsche opposes to belief. The importance of this critique of the Christian subject will be returned to later in the dissertation when we consider Nietzsche’s theory of language. The second crucial critique of Christianity made in the quote that begins this dissertation is of history as possessing meaning, as divine providence being read into history as if it were a series of signs. This resembles the structural properties of psychoanalysis that Delouse(1983a, 1983b, 1984) was so devastatingly to criticise. One can read one’s entire life as a history of redemption, as Benjamin (1986:112)comments. In this reading, every moment of one’s life in which one fails, feels regret of guilt because one is not conterminous with the notion of the subject given to you, can be read as a sign of messianic moment to come: it is to deny the contingent and necessary existence one has in favour of a reified notion of being that removes life from life. Nietzsche realises that such a realisation about life is scary, and he realises that people will cling onto a Christian notion of belief even if it has no rational foundation: that is why in Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1 969) he attempts to convince people through rhetoric rather than argument. Several elements of Nietzsche’s thought here are important to note. While he attacks Christianity, in the long quote we started the section with he already observes that the technological-scientific paradigm replaces Christianity while adopting all of its tenants. As Nietzsche(1974:108) comments: â€Å"after Buddha was dead, his shadow was still shown for centuries in a cave a tremendous, gruesome shadow. God is dead; but given the way of men, there may still be caves for thousands of years in which his shadow will be shown. -And we- we still have to vanquish his shadow, too.† Science is this shadow: it refuses an engagement with the world in favour of a mystified detached observer who can sit back and observe the world rather than engage within its context. This DE contextualisation actually ends up relativizing the world. This is a radical historicism that believes the role of the pasties to come to the rescue of the future: temporality is shortened tallow only a pre sent, an immediate process of desiring-lack and sustenance. It allows for the feigned equivalence of all men, as they are all equal as subjects, and as all in this equivalence all notions of importance and goals are emptied of meaning by an effectively moribund set of values that deny life in favour of a search for authentic experience. This search for authentic experience is termed active nihilism in Nietzsche: it is an attempt to confront the emptiness of value categories with frenetic action: this is what Size (2001:48) calls the passion for the real: the passion for frenetic experience that ultimately culminates in its simulacrum. It culminates in its simulacrum because the passion for the real (as opposed to the empty appearance people inhabit) eventually becomes the passion for the real without risk – for one only risks if there is something one is willing to die for: for Nietzsche the chance and contingency of the eternal return – and thus we see the Nietzsche an concepts of passive and active nihilism end up, in late modern capitalism, becoming one. We can see that the co-existence of what we could term the correspondence theory of truth and the history as destiny theory (where everything is able tube reconciled to the present) inevitably end up in this structure of nihilism. Both of these theories rely on several underlying structures of thought that Nietzsche was also quick to criticise in Christianity. Innis analysis of the origins of Christianity, he notes (1956:112):â€Å"Christianity was from the beginning, essentially and fundamentally, life’s nausea and disgust with life, merely concealed behind, masked by, dressed up as, faith in another or better life.† Christianity was always underlined by a series of binary logics: this is not the right life: this one is better; hate: love, God: Satan. It is this binary thinking that comes in for a huge amount of criticism from Nietzsche. It is these binaries that ignore that the world is in astute of becoming, that it is forever in a state of flux. Nietzsche notes (1966:12): â€Å"it may be doubted, firstly whether there exists any antithesis at all, and secondly whether these popular evaluations and value anti-thesis, on which the metaphysicians have set their seal, are not perhaps foreground valuations, merely provisional perspectives. â€Å"Therefore, Nietzsche’s criticism is not simply of our values, as we have seen in the previous paragraphs, but of the way in which our values are constructed. Nietzsche’s theory of language illustrates that each of the terms in binary series is dependent on the other. Butler (1990,1993) undertakes similar enterprise inspired by Nietzsche when she investigates the dependency of the category women on the category man and vice versa. Power is exercised, Nietzsche understands, in the formation of the very categories themselves, not merely in the ascription of certain people to good and certain people to bad. It is a mistake to fight for the category of lack, because the detestable thing is the very category: by fighting against the lack (e.g. of women for rights) one is accepting the terms of the herd mentality; that one must accept the givens of the situation and its binary categories. This is why a genealogy of morals is necessary, to (Butler: 1990:ix)â€Å"investigate the political stakes in designating as an origin and cause those identity categories that are in fact the effects of institutions, practices, discourses with multiple and diffuse points of origin.† Such pursuit unseats the claim of a binary logic to an objective reality: they show them as temporal formations that constitute a world for the subject. However, such a world is always shot through with lack. One can illustrate this using Alcan’s (1981) theory of mirrors, which he derives from Nietzsche’s view of the subject. In Alcan’s view, one is never identical to the role one has been assigned in life. The social formation of life (which is an appearance) is full of inconsistency and incompleteness. As Christina Wolf (1980:151) comments in her novel: Nelly couldn’t help it: the charred building made her sad. But she didn’t know that she was feeling sad [my emphasis], because she wasn’t supposed to feel sad. She had long ago begun to cheat herself out of her true feelings†¦.Gone, forever gone, is the beautiful, free correlation between emotions and events†¦. It wouldn’t have taken much for Nelly to have succumbed to an improper emotion: compassion. But healthy German common sense built barrier against it: anxiety. The character Nelly feels the dissonance between the world she is in and the world she experiences: she experiences anxiety over it. Such anxiety is the mark of the problem of binary categorisation. This categorisation does not resemble the world, which is in flux, but it places over it a series of categories that are power relationships designed to constitute you as a subject. We can perhaps draw a parallel here between what Nietzsche analyses in his philosophy of language as the productive power of the grammar of an age and what Laplace(1989:130), following Alcan, calls the source-object of drives. These unconscious formations are an encounter between an individual whose psycho-somatic structures are situated predominantly at the level of need, and signifiers emanating from an adult. Those signifiers pertain to the satisfaction of the child’s needs, but they also convey the purely interrogative potential of other messages—and those other messages are sexual. These enigmatic messages set the child the difficult, or even impossible, task of mastery and symbolization and the attempt to perform it inevitably leaves behind unconscious residues†¦. I refer to them as the source objects of the drives. What one must be careful to do here is to distinguish between the early Nietzsche and his later work. In early work such as the Birth of Tragedy (1956), Nietzsche can still talk about an essential essence that the Christian or Apollonian reasoning hides. In his later work he fully endorses the view that consciousness is but surface: a radically anti-essentialist position that refuses the possibility of an outside of language or of consciousness. There is then, no real that one can break through the appearance to get to, as one might in psychoanalysis. However, that does not necessarily mean the psychoanalytic reading were doing here is incorrect. Laconia analysis departs from the Freudian analysis that Delouse criticizes in its conception of the subject. For Nelly, the character in Wolf’s novel, the state fore-anxiety might be referred to as true, but a sense of what it is would be to call it uninhibited: free from the strictures of power. In the later Nietzsche, the ability t o escape the possibility of the subject is ambiguous. What Nelly asks for is not an absolute escape, as Laplace does not ask that the child can master the symbolization of his parents and escape the drives. Rather, what is inferred is continual tension and thrust against that which claims to be objective and masks desire, put in a Delusion idiom: it is the consistent schizoid refusal to stasis. As such, it parallels the construction of the subject in Foucault. Like Nietzsche and Butler, Foucault performs a genealogy. Like the later Nietzsche, Foucault realizes the impossibility of breaking through language. One is always already constructed as a subject: any attempt to break out of this trap relies on an exterior moral framework that simply replicates the binaries of an existing power discourse. Foucault (1979:178) notes that â€Å"discourse creates the object of which it speaks.† Discourse gives rise to a subject, and an attempt to break out of the subject through a call to a value (such as revolutionary purity, truth) falls into the same power trap as existing political discourse. What Foucault and Nietzsche both call into question is the notion of valorisation itself: that which always assumes a dichotomousbinarisation. However, rather than placing their project within an appeal to the real outside of language, both claim the most one can does attack language thro ugh language. This task means to constantly reveal that which appears as objective as actually a temporally structured mask of power. Thus for Foucault (1984:217): The real political task in a society such as ours is to criticize the working of institutions which appear to be both neutral and independent; to criticize them in such a manner that the political violence which has always exercised itself through them will be unmasked, so that one can fight them. This task has no end or limit: indeed, an end or limit is part of the notion of the structure of power; that there is this goal that you must attain, that you are not this, though at a certain point you may indeed attain it. We can see such notions of end goal rely on the interpretation of history as divine providence (or in the secular historicist version, history being called to the rescue of the present)that Nietzsche was so quick to criticise as ignoring the contingency and chance of existence. Both of these parallel Deleuze’s criticism of hierarchical structure as that which inhibits desire and presses it into the service of power. What this entails is not simply the refutation of God at the centre of the world, defining the notion of our being. It is a refutation of a centre of the world. Secularism simply replaces God with man, and declares that the self-autonomous mains that which defines our values, when we do not act in a way accorded to by the hegemony, then it is u s who are lacking. Thus, Nietzsche(1962:346) makes a comment much like Marx when he says â€Å"we now laugh when we find ‘Man and World’ placed beside one another, separated by the sublime presumption of the little world ‘and.’ Thus, in Nietzsche it is not simply Christianity but its zombie replacement rationality that needs to be criticised. Foucault continues this task in The Order of Things (1994), attacking the Human account of causality and truth than requires a one to one mapping between things and their referents. This criticism is possible because, as Nietzsche notes (1968:616) â€Å"the world with which we are concerned . . .is not a fact . . . it is in flux, as something in a state of becoming, as a falsehood always changing but never getting near the truth: for—there is no truth.† This is the strongest statement of Nietzsche’s project. He wants to undermine the notion of truth and reveal it for a set of power constructions and particularities. With the notion of truth, the notion of the proper name (the proper place for the human subject) becomes impossible, and what opens up is decentred multitude of consciousness like that which Delouse (1980:332) outlines in Mille Plateaux . This project would have what is productive as that which is nomadic, which refuses all forms of hierarchy in favour of that which is additive. To carry out such project it is necessary to destroy the possibility of belief. I.II Our beliefs are our weakness If there is today still no lack of those who do not know how indecent it is to believeor a sign of decadence, of a broken will to livewell, they will know it tomorrow. (Nietzsche: 1990:3) For Nietzsche, belief requires something outside of oneself. Indeed, belief can be understood as the opposite to freedom in Nietzsche’s thought. To believe in something is to believe in what that thing has made you into: it is to believe that one has something internal (belief) that can be referred to the world. As Nietzsche notes (ibid:347): Once a human being reaches the fundamental conviction that he must be commanded, he becomes a believer.’ Conversely, one could conceive of such a pleasure and power of self-determination, such a freedom of the will that the spirit would take leave of all faith and every wish for certainty, being practiced in maintaining himself on insubstantial ropes and possibilities and dancing even near abysses. As we have noted above, it is not enough to simply get rid of God. What happens to the people after we get rid of God? They run together, as a herd, scared, into other formations of command, such as nationalism. It is interesting to note here Foucault’s comment, that the challenge of nationalism (1994:228) was to â€Å"establish a system of signs in congruence with the transcendence of being.† It was to believe in a new grammar that replaced the old certainties of life with new certainties: the certainty of the glory of the death of the unknown soldier for the transcendent nation. That is why Nietzsche says,(1990:15): â€Å"we are not getting rid of God because we still believe in grammar.† Nietzsche’s real challenge is almost a challenge against language: it is an attempt to consistently run up against the limit of language and refute its hegemonic possibilities (e.g. in the distribution of tenses) at every turn. A grammar forces one to give lie to a real ity: the only such lies Nietzsche thinks are acceptable are innocent lies, those lies that enable communication in contingent fashion, that are not totalising and do not exceed the moment of their own expression. What happens with the new certainties is that they still rely on a concept of will. They ask one to partake in a world in which one is necessarily excluded (you are not this, yet†¦). For Nietzsche (1924:14),to believe in the will is to believe â€Å"every individual action is isolate and indivisible .† Thus runs counter to the idea of flux Nietzsche takes from Heraclitus. Actions are not simply formed but are always already part of a social world that means individual isolatable action is impossible. As is thinking. Thinking (Nietzsche: 1968:477)â€Å"as epistemologists conceive it, simply does not occur, it is a quite arbitrary fiction, arrived at by selecting one element from the process and eliminating all the rest, an artificial arrangement for the purpose of intelligibility.† This process of intelligibility constructs a world in which one is dependent on the process of selection: thought, like and will, becomes a tool to be used: a means-end relationship that requires the a priori separation of subject and object, thought and world, that Nietzsche so convincingly refutes. He notes (1990:54) that â€Å"the man of faith, the believer of every sort is necessarily dependent mansuch as cannot out of himself posit ends at all. The ‘believer does not belong to himself, he can be only a means, he haste be used, he needs someone who will use him.† In the hands of God, or secularism, agency is always placed outside yourself in the objective world that you lack. The weak believer who does not think that he wills(which is already a mistake) at least (ibid: 18) â€Å"puts a meaning into them: that is, he believes there is a will in them already (principle of â€Å"belief†).† To change this it is not enough to attack reason (as Adorn and Horkheimer do in The Dialectic of Enlightenment [1972]) but to attack the notion of the instincts. Instinct, while normally associated with that which is most natural, is in Nietzsche a product of discourse and habit over centuries, it is an unthinking subjectivity masquerading as the natural order of things. It is given by the law, and (Nietzsche:1990:57) â€Å"the authority of the law is established by the thesis: God gave it, the ancestors lived it.† To free habit, as we noticed earlier, requires not an attack on reason but an attack on habit, on unreflexive action: we need to liberate man from cause and effect. This task requires that man be liberated from the notion of the name. As Nietzsche (1956:20) claims: The lordly right of giving names extends so far that one should allow oneself to conceive the origin of language itself as an expression of power on the part of the rulers: they say this is this and this, they seal everything and event with a sound, as it were, take possession of it This feat requires a liberation from language. Here Nietzsche is at his most powerful, for he realises that it is in the very nature of language itself that the origin of power lays. Indeed, there is strong correlation between the attack on the sovereign in Nietzsche and Foucault and Saussaurian linguistics. In both the argument relies on the non-relation between signs and what they represent, and yet the continued claim of signs to be coterminous with what they represent, taking possession of it. Against this, Nietzsche wants to liberate us from names (1990:8). That no one is any longer made accountable, that the kind of being manifested cannot be traced to a cause prima, that the world is a unity neither as sensorium nor as spirit, this alone is the great liberation. This flux of things, clearly prevents the emergence of a subject: consciousness here, and for Nietzsche’s thought as a whole has, has no predetermined pattern. What we need to fight, for Nietzsche, is the giving of the pattern, the idea that the whole is no longer whole(1974:22). What is the sign of every literary decadence? That life no longer dwells in the whole. The word becomes sovereign and leaps out of the sentence, the sentence reaches out and obscures the meaning of the page, the page gains life at the expense of the wholethe whole is no longer a whole. I.III The Grammar of the Age, or how I learned to love the Word Life (Nietzsche: 1990:11) is a â€Å"continuous, homogenous, undivided, indivisible flowing.† For it is not the world that is simple and exact(what one could call the assigning of the world to the word: or to its lieu proper), rather through words we â€Å"are still continually misled into imagining things as being simpler than they are, separate from one another, indivisible, each existing in and for itself.† When Nietzsche writes this, he has abandoned the distinction between the apparent and the real world. There is no ideal for (ibid: 6): â€Å"with the real world we have also abolished the apparent world.† Such a world allows no notions of predestination, and no correspondence theory of truth. Anyone who speaks of such things is a liar (ibid: 38): One must know today that a theologian, a priest, a pope does not merely err in every sentence he speaks, he liesthat he is no longer free to lie innocently, out of ignorance. The priest knows as well as everyone that there is no longer any God, any sinner, any ‘redeemerthat free will, moral world-order are liesintellectual seriousness, the profound self-overcoming of the intellect, no longer permits anyone not to know about these things. What do we replace this met discourse with? We cannot replace it with a singular subject: a new revolutionary ideal or perfect subject, for this would be to become but another priest. Nietzsche (1968:490)argues: â€Å"the assumption of one single subject is perhaps unnecessary; perhaps it is just as permissible to assume a multiplicity of subjects, whose interaction and struggle is the basis of our thought and our consciousness in general? . . . My hypothesis: the subject as multiplicity. . . The continual transistorizes and fleetingness of the subject.† This is precisely what Delouse echoes half a century later when he claims (1983a: 5): â€Å"production as process overtakes all idealistic categories and constitutes a cycle whose relationship to desire is that of an imminent principle.† This multiplicity, one might ask: how does one get there, and what does one do when one is multiple, when one is the Dionysian figure who Nietzsche claims (1956:45) is in constant state of becoming, who is â€Å"the nominal â€Å"I† that is always becoming and his intoxicated state sounds out the depth of Being.† In one sense for Nietzsche this is an idle question: one cannot assume multitude is something in itself, indeed (1968:560): â€Å"that things possess a constitution in themselves quite apart from interpretation and subject

Death of a Modernist Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays

Death of a Modernist Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The modernist movement in writing was characterized by a lack of faith in the traditional ways of explaining life and its meaning.   Religion, nationalism, and family were no longer seen as being infallible.   For the modernist writers, a sense of security could no longer be found.   They could not find any meaning or order in the old ways.   Despair was a common reaction for them.   The dilemma they ran into was what to do with this knowledge.   Poet Robert Frost phrased their question best in his poem â€Å"The Oven Bird.†Ã‚   Frost’s narrator and the bird about which he is speaking both are wondering â€Å"what to make of a diminished thing† (Baym 1103).   The modernist writers attempted to mirror this despair and tried to superimpose meaning on it or find meaning in it.   The old frames of reference were no longer meaningful.   Newer ones had to be sought.   This belief gave them license to create new points of reference, which at least held some meaning for them, or to comment on the remains of the old.   These writers referred often to shattered illusions, feelings of alienation, and the fragmentation of the remains of tradition.   Although society was making technological advances, many of these writers felt that it was declining in other ways.   They saw this progression as being made at the expense of individuality and the individual’s sense of true self-worth. Arthur Miller’s writings are characteristic of this movement.   Miller is a playwright whose works reflect the major themes of modernism.   Death of a Salesman, which is perhaps his best-known piece, is a perfect example of this.   In it, he addresses the common modernist themes of alienation and loneliness through both his portrayal of society an... ...l.       Works Cited Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   4th ed.   New York: Norton, 1994. Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Costello, Donald P. â€Å"Arthur Miller’s Circles of Responsibility: A View From a Bridge and Beyond.† Modern Drama. 36 (1993): 443-453. Florio, Thomas A., ed. â€Å"Miller’s Tales.† The New Yorker.   70 (1994): 35-36. Hayashi, Tetsumaro.   Arthur Miller Criticism.   Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1969. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Miller, Arthur.   The Archbishop’s Ceiling/The American Clock. New York: Grove Press,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989. ---.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1965. ---.   Eight Plays.   New York:   Nelson Doubleday, 1981.      

Is What You See Real or Memorex?

We have different philosophers and different ideas from each of the philosophers, similar in some ways, vastly different in others and yet their ideas make a person think, as they are supposed to but what if neither Rene Descartes, George Berkeley or Thomas Reid are correct in their entirety? What if both ways of thinking are actually linked together enough to make them both correct and both incorrect?Let us start with the definition of epistemology where the origins of nature and limits of human knowledge are examined. Human knowledge in the aspect of the real world is limited.There is no one on Earth who knows everything whether it be real or imagined. (Rene Descartes belief of independent external world) This would become limited in any thought provoking conversation. If you were to ask people at random, if there is anything they know with certainty, they would say yes. They know for certain they are sitting or talking or looking at you or the tree. If you asked them if they were sure that they didn’t just perceive these instances they would chance to look at you like you were crazy but in the end there is also a perception.Take the example of the mind independent external world and ask yourself that if you died, would things in the world remain physically the same? The bed you slept in might until it was destroyed, the house in which you lived may remain a house but what about you as a person, you would not remain physically the same so in that view a mind independent world cannot be 100% accurate. One day you can see yourself in a mirror because you are alive, the next day you cannot because you are dead.On the other hand, you see things and believe them to be out in the world but what you see is only a perception which lends credence to Thomas Reid’s theory. Thomas Reid believes that we do not need certainty to acquire knowledge and I agree and as you will see by the following poem, the timing of perception may almost destroy Descartes and B erkley’s theories. See how that worked, I believe the following poem will destroy a theory and this is perception. NOW What has been and what will be, cannot be changed, cannot be seen.For yesterday is gone and done and tomorrow lies beyond the sun, yet there is reality, that fine line between futures and past that we define as now. The eyes have never seen, nor the ears ever heard, the falling of a star or the calling of a bird. They merely transmit shadows, vibrations they receive, along the neural networks, for the brain to be deceived into thinking that what we see and are believing and what we hear; but do we perceive reality or only what we think is there?Now a millisecond past, from eye or ear to mind and another billisecond just for the brain to define, so what we perceive as happening is at least a millisecond past. We cannot exist within the now, our reactions aren't that fast. So is what we see a piece of history by the time we can perceive or do our senses touch t he future, which do you believe? Either way it's plain to me that there is no now to be found. We live two separate times so why are we so bound? Now that I've given you a thought to twist your mind, I must say excuse the pun, I'm simply out of time.(Original copyright 1999 Cara Tapken-(Teirsha=pen) ) In reading this poem, where is the certainty now as suddenly a lot of questions have been posed and suddenly a whole new thought process will evolve into the metaphysical sense of perception. Take another example of looking at a field or horizon of trees, or any group of trees for that manner, how do they look? Ok so they look like trees but in seeing the trees do you see them as you might if there is no 3 dimensional quality or do you see them with a much defined 3-D quality?Each one will see this differently at different times which lends further conveyance of truth to the supernatural beliefs and so with this in mind where does Descartes and Berkley fit into this picture? Let us use God as an example. God is definitely a perception. Many of us believe in him, many of us think he is almighty and the basis of religion but outside of pictures for one, do we really know what he looks like? This is a form of perception as we do not know with certainty what he looks like but we only know from pictures and words of description. What of prayer?How do we really know that prayer works even though we believe? Do we see our prayers physically being listened to by God? Do we see God there with an outstretched hand in receiving? Also, Descartes believed in God and God was the centrifuge of his Roman Catholic faith and theory so in believing in God, when God is a perception and written words then how can Descartes claim the theories he does because suddenly there is no certainty. The Roman catholic faith believes in archangels, evil and good yet without seeing these in a physical sense whatsoever how can one obtain certainty in knowledge or vice versa?With regard to percepti on and certainty, how can these philosophers be wrong and right at the same time by validating one another’s theories and if there is a validation of theories then do they suddenly have related theories to for a whole new theory? Descrates believes in no knowledge without certainty and Reid believes in perception. Take into account of the poem which is a perception based poem with much pointing towards the reality of how our human brain, through proven science, works. Suddenly there is the certainty in knowledge and how perception works and is very real. Both philosophers are now correct and both are now wrong.Did we just blow two theories away, add to them or validate all or part of the theories these two obviously share? Mind independent external world does exist to a degree but as well, only by the degree of perception until the â€Å"brain can define† (CL Tapken). Now Clifford is famous for his evidentialist thesis that â€Å"It is wrong always, everywhere, and fo r anyone, to believe anything on insufficient evidence. (W. K. Clifford). I simply would like to know where Clifford’s justification is for telling people that they way they think or how they think, simply because there is a lack of evidence, is wrong.I see him as suddenly wrong for being discriminatory in a sense as theory is based upon having no actual evidence for justification as science always dictates. The theory of using cancer cells to treat cancer is nothing but a theory, there is no evidence as it has not yet been tested to be proven but in thinking this way, according to Clifford, is wrong which is highly inconsistent with the continual forward progress of science. Now Berkley’s theory is much more rational in my opinion as he believes in both sides of what you can and cannot see.He believes in the mind and the thought processes that integrate a thought to reality and that one doesn’t need complete certainty for some knowledge and he calls this the la w of nature. He has a belief process in the realm of science but he couples that with a religion to form his belief that all things happen because of God and spirits. Now for those who are quite religious, this would be believed but then there are those who are atheists and or believe in the Darwinism theory of evolution thus suddenly, in either case there is no God.But is Berkeley right, to at least some belief that God is the reason behind everything that happens? Perception and gravity denounces, in part, if not all of Berkley’s theory that God is behind everything. The Bible and those who believe in the religion of God agree that God made the heavens and the earth. We will assume that this is not perception but true. But what of gravity? No where in history is it said that God created gravity. Gravity makes the world spin thus creating the â€Å"accidental† gravity. God did not create gravity by design so now it should be safely said that gravity began as a percept ion that turned scientific.Granted, our thought process began this way of thinking and proving this theory and that in itself would be a god driven theory in using Berkley’s theory. Look at the scale that sits in the doctor’s office. The knowledge to make the scale would be in conjunction with Berkley’s theory but for the scale to remain stationary due to gravity is outside his realm of thought as once again, God did not create gravity, therefore God cannot be behind everything that happens which, in the end once again, lends credence to pure perception.It is a fine line between these philosophers on what they agree and don’t agree with but in the end there are similarities in which makes them all correct in the way of validation so with this in mind, are they all thinking the same thing yet with different answers and does this make them all correct or incorrect because of their different answers? Which do you believe and why? Maybe I am the one who is to tally wrong and incoherent in my own opinions and beliefs.Maybe I have no concrete evidence or cannot fully understand the power of perception, metaphysical, supernatural or inanimate objects, maybe I believe in it all. Does what I believe in make me right, wrong, indifferent or simply this is my belief? Who is to say that I am right or that I disagree and maybe my way of being right or disagreeing is not accepted. We each have our own philosophies of life and the reasons why and this is what makes great debates and the world go around.So in the end I must say that I do not fully agree with any philosopher to date. I may agree with a portion of their principles and systems of belief but at the same time of incorporating my own reasons of this belief or lack of belief I, in my own self have just become a philosopher like everyone else, it is just the people who will determine the validity of my own views and will form their own philosophies.Philosophy is just that, no one is right an d no one is wrong it is simply a belief system of how we work minus any factual sciences or the addition of sciences and religion. As a last thought and question which incorporates all but none of these mentioned philosophers; is there really such a thing as an evil person or are they a person who simply does bad things?In short, I believe to some extent of what these philosophers believe but then again I do not for then I would have to agree with everything they say to fully believe in their philosophy, so am I say they are correct or incorrect? References Evidence for God. Famous Scientists Who Believed in God. (September 2008) http://www. godandscience. org/apologetics/sciencefaith. html Tapken, Cara. The Starlite Cafe 1999 (http://www. thestarlitecafe. com/poems/105/poem_91080479. html Theories of perception. September 2008. http://www. unc. edu/~megw/TheoriesofPerception. html